Kramer and Lindwall evaluate how the orientation and dimensionality of seismic ground motions affect predicted permanent displacements using Newmark sliding-block methods. They show that 1D simplified motions underpredict displacement when true multi-directional shaking is important.
Dimensionality and Directionality Effects in Newmark Sliding-Block Analyses
S. Kramer; C. Lindwall · 2004 · Seismic Engineering Research
