Kalatehjari and Ali provide a comprehensive review of 3D limit-equilibrium formulations, including column-based methods, intercolumn force assumptions, optimisation strategies, shear-resistance integration, and common failure mechanisms. The review compares major approaches (e.g., Hovland, Chen & Chameau, Hungr, Leshchinsky & Baker, Lam & Fredlund) and summarises strengths, limitations and computational issues.
