Chang-Yu presents a limit-analysis-based framework for assessing stability of partially submerged cohesive slopes in both 2D and 3D. The method extends classical upper-bound plasticity (Chen, Michalowski, Drescher) to incorporate water level, slope angle, cohesion, and geometric ratios. Parametric studies show how safety factors increase with cohesion and bulk-density ratio, and decrease with slope angle, slope depth ratio, and water table lowering. The paper provides mechanistic insight into submerged slopes, with detailed equations for work rates, internal dissipation, and kinematic mechanisms.
